Organic waste is typically rich in nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. When these nutrients enter marine ecosystems, they can trigger a process known as eutrophication, where excess nutrients fuel the rapid growth of algae and other marine organisms.

At lower levels, this can lead to macroalgae overgrowth, which competes with coral reefs for light, space, and nutrients. Over time, this competition can weaken coral health, reduce reef resilience, and limit the diversity of marine species that depend on these ecosystems.

At higher levels, eutrophication can result in the formation of “dead zones”—areas with very low oxygen levels where most marine life cannot survive. These conditions occur when large amounts of algae die and decompose, consuming oxygen in the process. As oxygen levels drop, fish and other marine organisms are forced to leave the area or may not survive.

Natural coral reefs around the world are threatened by climate change, pollution, and human activities. Because of this, artificial reefs provide alternative habitats that help marine species survive and adapt.

Once installed, artificial reefs quickly attract marine life. Fish, crustaceans, and other organisms use the structures as shelter from predators and strong currents. Over time, these habitats increase biodiversity by supporting a wide variety of species within a concentrated area.

Artificial light penetrates the water column and alters natural behaviour at every level of the ecosystem.

Sea turtle hatchlings rely on moonlight to reach the sea. Artificial lighting can disorient them and lead them inland. Many fish and plankton species follow nightly migration patterns. Bright light interferes with these movements and reduces feeding success.

Predators such as manta rays and sharks also rely on darkness. Excessive light removes their natural hunting advantage or draws them into unsafe areas. Over time, light pollution can reduce biodiversity, especially in sensitive coastal zones.